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Тонкоигольная аспирационная биопсия (ТАБ) – это безопасный и экономически эффективный метод, используемый для оценки узлов щитовидной железы (ЩЖ). ТАБ позволяет стратифицировать риски злокачественности и предоставляет ключевую информацию для решения о целесообразности операции. Однако, являясь инвазивным методом диагностики, ТАБ сопряжена с возможностью возникновения осложнений. Существует вероятность недиагностических, ложноположительных и ложноотрицательных результатов, которые могут привести к проведению запоздалой или вовсе ненужной операции. Cсылаясь на доступность проведения УЗИ-диагностики ЩЖ и, как следствие этого, значительный рост случаев выявления узловой патологии ЩЖ, предлагают ограничить проведение ТАБ, которая в ряде случаев является необязательной, а порой и опасной для пациента. Безусловно, для принятия клинических решений сонографические характеристики узлов и индивидуальные анамнестические и клинические факторы пациента должны учитываться. Для небольших узлов ТАБ в большинстве случаев не показана, но рациональнее принимать решение о ее проведении, исходя из сонографических характеристик, а не руководствоваться пороговым размером узла >1 см. Наличие кальцификатов, нерегулярного края, гипоэхогенности солидного узла, формы “выше, чем шире”, метастазов в шейные лимфатические узлы и инвазии узла за пределы капсулы ЩЖ являются более специфичными сонографическими признаками злокачественности. Совокупность этих признаков является полезной для стратификации риска злокачественности узлов ЩЖ и принятия решения о необходимости проведения ТАБ.
Ключевые слова:
узлы щитовидной железы, рак щитовидной железы, тонкоигольная аспирационная биопсия, УЗИ щитовидной железы, thyroid nodules, thyroid cancer, fine-needle aspiration biopsy, ultrasound of the thyroid gland
Литература:
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Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) is the most accurate and cost-effective method for evaluating thyroid nodules. FNA results are useful for stratifying the risk of malignant neoplasms and provide key information to determine the appropriateness of an operation. However, we should keep in mind that FNA is an invasive diagnostic method, so there is a possibility of complications. There is a likelihood of nondiagnostic, false positive and false negative results that can lead to a late or unnecessary operation. We see a growing incidence of thyroid nodules, associated mainly with the increased availability of ultrasound diagnostic of this organ. So the leading organizations involved in the development of clinical guidelines for diagnostics and treatment of thyroid pathologies suggest limiting the conduct of FNA. The use of this method in some cases is not necessary and at times can be even dangerous to a patient. When making clinical decisions, sonographic patterns of thyroid nodules and individual anamnestic and clinical factors of the patient should be considered. For small thyroid nodules, the FNA in most cases is not necessary. It is more rational to make a decision based on sonographic patterns rather than be guided by a threshold node size of > 1 cm. The specific sonographic patterns of malignancy are: presence of calcifications, irregular margins, hypoechoic nodule, taller-than-wide shape, metastases to the cervical lymph nodes, and extrathyroidal extension. The totality of these signs is useful for stratifying the risk of malignancy of the thyroid nodules and deciding on the need for FNA.
Keywords:
узлы щитовидной железы, рак щитовидной железы, тонкоигольная аспирационная биопсия, УЗИ щитовидной железы, thyroid nodules, thyroid cancer, fine-needle aspiration biopsy, ultrasound of the thyroid gland