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Морфофункциональная характеристика и иммунологическая регуляция функции орбитальных фибробластов при эндокринной офтальмопатии

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Эндокринная офтальмопатия (ЭОП) - это хроническое заболевание, характеризующееся прогрессирующим аутоиммунным воспалением мягких ретробульбарных тканей. В патогенезе инфильтративного процесса и фиброзирования экстраокулярных мышц и/или ретробульбарной клетчатки важное значение имеют орбитальные фибробласты, обладающие уникальными морфофункциональными свойствами. Они в отличие от фибробластов других локализаций имеют не мезодермальное, а нейроэктодермальное происхождение. В обзоре рассматриваются иммунологические аспекты регулирования функции данных клеток в разные фазы активности заболевания. Межклеточное взаимодействие с Т-лимфоцитами (CD40-CD154) приводит к активации орбитальных фибробластов с усилением экспрессии патологических рецепторов к тиреотропному гормону, а также продукции компонентов межклеточного матрикса, молекул адгезии, ростовых факторов, цитокинов и простагландинов. Дана подробная морфофункциональная характеристика отдельных субпопуляций фибробластов орбиты, рассмотрены механизмы регуляции их трансдифференцировки в адипоциты и миофибробласты. Представлен анализ литературных данных по влиянию T-хелперов 17 типа на функциональную активность Thy1+/Thy1- (CD90+/CD90-) орбитальных фибробластов. Отмечена важность дальнейшего изучения особенностей фибробластов орбиты при ЭОП и их межклеточного взаимодействия с различными иммунными клетками, что, возможно, сможет раскрыть новые патогенетические механизмы изучаемой патологии.

Ключевые слова:
эндокринная офтальмопатия, патогенез, орбитальные фибробласты, Graves’ ophthalmopathy, thyroid eye disease, endocrine ophthalmopathy, pathogenesis, orbital fibroblasts

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Morphofunctional characteristics and immunological regulation of the orbital fibroblasts function in endocrine ophthalmopathy

Endocrine ophthalmopathy (EOP) is a chronic disease characterized by progressive autoimmune inflammation of the soft retrobulbar tissues in thyroid dysfunction. The orbital fibroblasts with their unique morphofunctional properties are very important in the pathogenesis of the infiltrative process and fibrosis of the extraocular muscles and/or retrobulbar tissue. They, unlike other localization fibroblasts, have not mesodermal, but neuro-ectodermal origin. The review acquaints with the immunological aspects of the regulation of these cells in different activity phases of disease. Intercellular interaction with T-lymphocytes (CD40-CD154) leads to orbital fibroblasts activation with increased expression of pathological receptors for thyroid-stimulating hormone, as well as production of intercellular matrix components, adhesion molecules, growth factors, cytokines and prostaglandins. Detailed morphofunctional characteristics of the orbit fibroblast subpopulations and mechanisms regulating their transdifferentiation into adipocytes and myofibroblasts are given. The analysis of literature data on the effect of T-helper type 17 on the functional activity of Thy1+/Thy1- (CD90+/CD90-) orbital fibroblasts is presented. The importance of the further study of the orbital fibroblasts characteristics in EOP and their intercellular interaction with various immune cells was noted, which may be able to uncover new pathogenetic mechanisms of this pathology.

Keywords:
эндокринная офтальмопатия, патогенез, орбитальные фибробласты, Graves’ ophthalmopathy, thyroid eye disease, endocrine ophthalmopathy, pathogenesis, orbital fibroblasts