Медицинская литература. Новинки

 

 

 

 

 

 

Методологические аспекты визуализации коронарных артерий при трансторакальной эхокардиографии

Вы можете загрузить полный текст статьи в формате pdf

Трансторакальная эхокардиография, выполненная с помощью мультичастотных датчиков с поддержкой режима второй тканевой гармоники, является конкурентоспособным методом для визуализации магистральных коронарных артерий и позволяет качественно оценить спектр коронарного кровотока в них. Безусловно, у метода есть значительные ограничения, самой главной из которых является низкая пространственная разрешающая способность метода из-за небольшого акустического окна. Именно из-за этого трансторакальное исследование коронарных артерий, по всей видимости, не станет лидирующим методом анатомической реконструкции отдельно взятой коронарной артерии и тем более всего коронарного русла. Однако уникальностью и неоспоримым преимуществом данного метода является возможность неинвазивно оценить коронарный кровоток как однократно, так и в динамике.

Ключевые слова:
трансторакальная эхокардиография, допплерография, магистральные коронарные артерии, transthoracic echocardiography, Doppler main coronary arteries

Литература:
1.Ross J.J., Mintz G.S., Chandrasekaran K. Transthoracic two-dimensional high frequency (7.5 MHz) ultrasonic visualization of the distal left anterior descending coronary artery. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1990; 15: 373-377.
2.Kenny A., Shapiro L.M. Transthoracic high-frequency twodimensional echocardiography, Doppler and color flow mapping to determine anatomy and blood flow patterns in the distal left anterior descending coronary artery. Am. J. Cardiol. 1992; 69 (16): 1265-1268.
3.Kiviniemi T.O., Saraste M., Koskenvuo J.W., Airaksinen K.E., Toikka J.O., Saraste A., Parkka J.P., Hartiala J.J. Coronary artery diameter can be assessed reliably with transthoracic echocardiography. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2004; 286: H1515-H1520.
4.Harada K., Orino T., Hironaka C., Takahashi Y., Takada G. Coronary blood flow velocity in normal infants and young adults assessed by transthoracic echocardiography. Am. J. Cardiol. 1999; 83 (11): 1583-1585.
5.Hiraishi S., Misawa H., Takeda N., Horiguchi Y., Fujino N., Ogawa N., Hirota H. Transthoracic ultrasonic visualization of coronary aneurysm, stenosis, and occlusion in Kawasaki disease. Heart. 2000; 83 (4): 400-405.
6.Hiraishi S., Hirota H., Horiguchi Y., Takeda N., Fujino N., Ogawa N., Nakahata Y. Transthoracic doppler assessment of coronary flow velocity reserve in children with Kawasaki disease: comparison with coronary angiography and thallium-201 imaging. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2002; 40: 1816-1824.
7.Frommelt P.C., Frommelt M.A. Congenital coronary artery anomalies. Pediatr. Clin. N. Am. 2004; 51 (5): 1273-1278.
8.Youn H.J., Foster E. Demonstration of coronary artery flow using transthoracic doppler echocardiography. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 2004; 17: 178-185.
9.Isaaz K., Da Costa A., De Pasquale J.P., Cerisier A., Lamaud M. Use of the continuity equation for transesophageal Doppler assessment of severity of proximal left coronary artery stenosis: a quantitative coronary angiography validation study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1998; 32: 42-48.
10.Youn H.J., Foster E. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in the evaluation of the coronary arteries. Cardiol. Clin. 2000; 18 (4): 833-848.
11.Paraskevaidis I.A., Tsiapras D., Karavolias G.K., Kyriakides Z.S., Kremastinos D.Th. Serial evaluation of coronary flow reserve by transesophageal Doppler echocardiography after angioplasty of proximal left anterior descending coronary artery: a 6-month follow-up study. Coron. Artery Dis. 2001; 12: 45-52.
12.Vrublevsky A.V., Boshchenko A.A., Karpov R.S. Simultaneous transesophageal Doppler assessment of coronary flow reserve in the left anterior descending artery and coronary sinus allows differentiation between proximal and non-proximal left anterior descending artery stenoses. Eur. J. Echocardiogr. 2004; 5 (1): 25-33.
13.Kasprzak J.D., Drozdz J., Peruga J.Z., Rafalska K., Krzeminska-Pakula M. Definition of normal flow parameters in proximal coronary arteries using transesophageal Doppler echocardiography. Echocardiography. 2000; 17: 141-150.
14.Vrublevsky A.V., Boshchenko A.A., Karpov R.S. Diagnostics of main coronary artery stenosis and occlusions: multiplane transoesophageal Doppler echocardiographic assessment. Eur. J. Echocardiogr. 2001; 2 (3): 170-177.
15.Hirata N., Asaoka N., Hatsuoka S., Kosakai Y. Noninvasive evaluation of internal thoracic artery and left anterior descending coronary artery anatomic sites using transthoracic Doppler echocardiography: comparison with coronary arteriography. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2003; 126 (4): 1080-1086.
16.Pellikka P. Going for the money: transthoracic assessment of coronary artery flow reserve. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 2004; 17 (6): 700-703.
17.West A.M., Kramer C.M. Noninvasive imaging of the heart and coronary arteries. Surg. Clin. N. Am. 2009; 89: 763-780.
18.Crowley J.J., Shapiro L.M. Noninvasive analysis of coronary artery poststenotic flow characteristics by using transthoracic echocardiography. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 1998; 11 (1): 1-9.
19.Krzanowski M., Bodzon W., Brzostek T., Nizankowski R., Szczeklik A. Value of transthoracic echocardiography for the detection of high-grade coronary artery stenosis: prospective evaluation in 50 consecutive patients scheduled for coronary angiography. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 2000; 13: 1091-1099.
20.Higashiue S., Watanabe H., Yokoi Y., Takeuchi K., Yoshikawa J. Simple detection of severe coronary stenosis using transthoracic Doppler echocardiography at rest. Am. J. Cardiol. 2001; 87: 1064-1068.
21.Lethen H., Tries H.P., Brechtken J., Kersting S., Lambertz H. Comparison of transthoracic Doppler echocardiography to intracoronary Doppler guide-wire measurements for assessment of coronary flow reserve in the left anterior descending artery for detection of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Am. J. Cardiol. 2003; 91 (4): 412-417.
22.Daimon M., Watanabe H., Yamagishi H., Kuwabara Y., Hasegawa R., Toyoda T., Yoshida K., Yoshikawa J., Komuro I. Physiologic assessment of coronary artery stenosis without stress tests: noninvasive analysis of phasic flow characteristics by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 2005; 18 (9): 949-955.
23.Vegsundvag J., Holte E., Wiseth R., Hegbom K., Hole T. Transthoracic echocardiography for imaging of the different coronary artery segments: a feasibility study [Electronic resource]. Cardiovasc. Ultrasound. 2009; 7. URL: http://www.cardiovascularultrasound.com/content/7/1/58. (22 December 2009). http://www.cardiovascularultrasound.com/content/1/1/16. (дата обращения 1.10.2017).
24.Vegsundvag J., Holte E., Wiseth R., Hegbom K., Hole T. Coronary flow velocity reserve in the three main coronary arteries assessed with transthoracic Doppler: a comparative study with quantitative coronary angiography. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 2011; 24 (7): 758-767. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2011.03.010
25.Watanabe N., Akasaka T., Yamaura Y., Akiyama M., Koyama Y., Kamiyama N., Neishi Y., Kaji S., Saito Y., Yoshida K. Noninvasive detection of total occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery with transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2001; 38: 1328-1332.
26.Voci P., Pizzuto F., Mariano E., Puddu P.E., Chiavari P.A., Romeo F. Measurement of coronary flow reserve in the anterior and posterior descending coronary arteries by transthoracic Doppler ultrasound. Am. J. Cardiol. 2002; 90: 988-991.
27.Fujimoto K., Watanabe H., Hozumi T., Otsuka R., Hirata K., Yamagishi H., Yoshiyama M., Yoshikawa J. New noninvasive diagnosis of myocardial ischemia of the left circumflex coronary artery using coronary flow reserve measurement by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography: comparison with thallium-201 single photon emission computed tomography. J. Cardiol. 2004; 43 (3): 109-116.
28.Saraste M., Vesalainen R.K., Ylitalo A., Saraste A., Koskenvuo J.W., Toikka J.O., Vaittinen M.A., Hartiala J.J., Airaksinen K.E. Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography as a noninvasive tool to assess coronary artery stenoses - a comparison with quantitative coronary angiography. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 2005; 18 (6): 679-685.
29.Caiati C., Zedda N., Cadeddu M., Chen L., Montaldo C., Iliceto S., Lepera M.E., Favale S. Detection, location, and severity assessment of left anterior descending coronary artery stenoses by means of contrast-enhanced transthoracic harmonic echo Doppler. Eur. Heart J. 2009; 30: 1797-1806. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp163.
30.Caiati C., Montaldo C., Zedda N., Bina A., Iliceto S. New noninvasive method for coronary flow reserve assessment: contrast-enhanced transthoracic second harmonic echo Doppler. Circulation. 1999; 99 (6): 771-778.
31.Caiati C., Montaldo C., Zedda N., Montisci R., Ruscazio M., Lai G., Cadeddu M., Meloni L., Iliceto S. Validation of a new noninvasive method (contrast-enhanced transthoracic second harmonic echo Doppler) for the evaluation of coronary flow reserve: comparison with intracoronary Doppler flow wire. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1999; 34: 1193-1200.
32.Takeuchi M., Ogawa K., Wake R., Takise H., Miyazaki C., Otani S., Sakamoto K., Yoshikawa J. Measurement of coronary flow velocity reserve in the posterior descending coronary artery by contrast-enhanced transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 2004; 17 (1): 21-27.
33.Бощенко А.А. Комплексная неинвазивная ультразвуковая оценка коронарного кровотока и коронарного резерва у больных ишемической болезнью сердца: Дис. … д-ра мед. наук. Томск, 2014. 311 с.
34.Krzanowski M., Bodzon W., Dimitrow P.P. Imaging of all three coronary arteries by transthoracic echocardiography. An illustrated guide [Electronic resource]. Cardiovasc. Ultrasound. 2003; 1. URL: http://www.cardiovascularultrasound. com/content/1/1/16. (дата обращения 17.11.2017).
35.Kini A.S. Coronary angiography, lesion classification and severity assessment. Cardiol. Clin. 2006; 24: 153-162.
36.Czernin J., Muller P., Chan S., Brunken R.C., Porenta G., Krivokapich J., Chen K., Chan A., Phelps M.E., Schelbert H.R. Influence of age and hemodynamics on myocardial blood flow and flow reserve. Circulation. 1993; 88: 62-69.
37.Di Mario C., Meneveau N., Gil R., De Jaegere P., De Feyter P.J., Slager C.J., Roelandt J.R., Serruys P.W. Maximal blood flow velocity in severe coronary stenoses measured with a Doppler guide-wire. Limitations for the application of the continuity equation in the assessment of stenosis severity. Am. J. Cardiol. 1993; 71: 54D-61D.
38.Di Carli M., Czernin J., Hoh C.K., Gerbaudo V.H., Brunken R.C., Huang S.C., Phelps M.E., Schelbert H.R. Relation among stenosis severity, myocardial blood flow, and flow reserve in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1995; 91: 1944-1951.
39.Chamuleau S.A., Meuwissen M., van Eck-Smit B.L., Koch K.T., De Jong A., De Winter R.J., Schotborgh C.E., Bax M., Verberne H.J., Tijssen J.G., Piek J.J. Fractional flow reserve, absolute and relative coronary blood flow velocity reserve in relation to the results of technetium-99m sestamibi single-photon emission computed tomography in patients with two-vessel coronary artery disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2001; 37 (5): 1316-1322.
40.Бощенко А.А., Врублевский А.В., Карпов Р.С. Трансторакальное ультразвуковое исследование магистральных коронарных артерий: методические аспекты, возможности, ограничения. Ультразвуковая и функциональная диагностика. 2008; 6: 60-75.
41.Kim H.K., Kim Y.J., Sohn D.W., Park Y.B., Choi Y.S. Transthoracic echocardiographic evaluation of coronary flow reserve in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Int. J. Cardiol. 2004; 94: 167-171.
42.Лелюк В.Г., Лелюк С.Э. Ультразвуковая ангиология. М.: Реальное время, 2007. 398 с.

Methodological aspects of visualization of coronary arteries with transthoracic echocardiography

The transthoracic echocardiography made by multifrequency probes with support of the mode of the second harmonic imaging, is a competitive method for visualization of the main coronary arteries and allows to estimate coronary blood flow with high quality. Of course, the method has considerable restrictions, most important of which is the low spatial resolution of a method, due to small acoustic window. Because of this the transthoracic visualization of coronary arteries perhaps will not become the leading method of anatomic reconstruction of separately taken coronary artery and especially all coronary arteries system. However uniqueness and indisputable advantage of this method is an opportunity to noninvasively estimate a coronary blood flow both once, and in dynamics.

Keywords:
трансторакальная эхокардиография, допплерография, магистральные коронарные артерии, transthoracic echocardiography, Doppler main coronary arteries